Communicable Disease Essay

Communicable diseases, also cognise as infective diseases or transmissible diseases, are complaintes that result from the infection, presence and growth of infective (capable of causing disease) biologic agents in an individual human or early(a) animal host. Infections whitethorn range in severity from asymptomatic (without symptoms) to arduous and fatal. The term infection does not have the same meaning as infectious disease be yard about infections do not cause illness in a host. sickness causing biologic agents complicate viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multi-cellular declivitysuckers, and deviate proteins known as prions. Transmission of these biologic agents cornerst atomic number 53 occur in a variety of ways, including direct physical finish up with an infectious soulfulness, go through contaminated foods or beverages, pass on with contaminated body influenzaids, contact with contaminated inanimate objects, airborne (inhalation), or being bitten by an infec ted biting louse or tick. Some disease agents can be transmitted from animals to humans, and some of these agents can be transmitted in more than maven way.Non-Communicable DiseaseA non-communicable disease, or NCD, is a medical condition or disease, which by definition is non-infectious and non-transmissible among heap. tebibyteSigns and SymptomsA bad spit up that lasts 3 weeks or longstanding.Pain in the chest.Coughing up blood or lethargy (phlegm from deep inside the lungs) Weakness or fatigue.Weight loss.No appetite.Chills.Fever.CausesTuberculosis is caused by bacteria that spread from person to person through microscopical droplets released into the air. This can happen when someonewith the untreated, active form of terabyte coughs, speaks, sneezes, spits, laughs or sings. Although tuberculosis is contagious, its not easy to catch. Youre much more likely to get tuberculosis from someone you live with or pee with than from a stranger. Most people with active TB whove ha d appropriate medicate treatment for at least two weeks are no longer contagious. legal communityIf you test positive for latent TB infection, your doctor whitethorn advise you to take medications to reduce your risk of exploitation active tuberculosis. The alone type of tuberculosis that is contagious is the active variety, when it affects the lungs. So if you can stay your latent tuberculosis from becoming active, you wont transmit tuberculosis to anyone else.MeaslesSigns and SymptomsA high temperature, sore eyes (conjunctivitis), and a liquid weave usually occur prototypical. Small white spots usually develop inside the mouth a mean solar day or so later. A harsh dry cough is usual.Going off food, tiredness, and aches and sedulousness are usual.CausesMeasles is caused by a virus. It is spread when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or shares food or drinks. The measles virus can transit through the air. This means that you can get measles if you are about someone who has the virus even if that person doesnt cough or sneeze directly on you ginmillMeasles vaccination has markedly reduced the incidence of measles throughout the develop world. However, measles cases bland occur in low-incidence countries via importation by travelers. Therefore, maintenance of immunity is definitive even in countries with a low incidence of measles, since a virtuoso imported case can result in voluminous measles outbreaks in the setting of waning immunity.Chicken PoxSigns and SymptomsFever (temperature), aches and annoyance often start a day or so forward a rash appears. blizzard. Spots appear in crops. They develop into petite blisters and are itchy. They can be anywhere on the body. Several crops whitethorn develop over several days. Dry cough and sore throat are usual.CausesChickenpox is caused by the varicella-zoster virus. You catch it by coming into contact with someone who is infected with the virus. Its a very contagious infection. well-nigh 90 % of people who have not previously had chickenpox exit become infected when they come into contact with the virus.PreventionThe chickenpox (varicella) vaccine is the best way to keep back chickenpox.Typhoid FeverSigns and Symptomsfever that can reach as high as 104F (40C)feeling achy, tired, or weak.constipation.diarrhea.headache. tum chafe and loss of appetite.sore throat.CausesTyphoid fever is an acute accent illness associated with fever caused by the Salmonella typhi bacteria. It can also be caused by Salmonella paratyphi, a related bacterium that usually causes a less serious illness. The bacteria are deposited in water or food by a human carrier and are then spread to other(a) people in the area.PreventionPreventing typhoid fever is to get immunise against the illness. Twovaccines are available a shot that contains killed Salmonella typhi bacteria and a vaccine taken by mouth containing a live simply weakened strain of the bacteria. Avoiding risky foods and beverages (especially when traveling in the developing world) is other way to reduce your risk.MUMPSSigns and SymptomsFever.Headache.Muscle aches.Tiredness.Loss of appetite.Swollen and propose salivary glands under the ears on one or both sides (parotitis)CausesThe epidemic parotitis are caused by a virus called the paramyxovirus. Its spread from one child to another through direct contact with discharge from the nose and throat. Infected droplets in the air from a sneeze or refinement conversation can be inhaled and may cause infection.Prevention phthisis of mumps vaccine (usually administered in measles-mumps-rubella MMR or measles-mumps-rubella-varicella MMRV vaccines) is the best way to sustain mumps. Children should be assumption the first dose of mumpsvaccine soon by and by their first birthday (12 to 15 months of age).HepatitisSigns and Symptomsfatigue.flu-like symptoms.dark urine.pale-colored stool. abdominal pain.loss of appetite.unexplained exercising weight loss.yellow skin and eyes (may be signs of jaundice)CausesHepatitis can be caused by liver damage from excessive alcohol consumption. This is sometimes referred to as spiritous hepatitis. The alcohol causes the liver to swell and become inflamed. Other toxic causes embroil overexploitation of medication or exposure to poisons.Autoimmune Disease.PreventionThe hepatitis A vaccine can prevent infection with the virus. The hepatitis A vaccine is typically accustomed in two doses initial vaccination followed by a mavin shot six months later. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends the following individuals conform to a hepatitis A vaccine MalariaSigns and SymptomsFever.Chills.Headache.Sweats.Fatigue. nausea and vomiting.CausesMalaria is caused by the plasmodium parasite. The parasite can be spread to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes.PreventionMalaria can often be lifted using the ABCD approach to prevention which stands for sentience of risk find out whether you are at risk of acquiring malaria. Bite prevention avoid mosquito bites by using insect repellent, back your arms and legs and using a mosquito net. Check whether you need to take malaria prevention tablets if you do, make sure you take the even up antimalarial tablets at the right dose, and finish the course. Diagnosis seek immediate medical advice if you have malaria symptoms, including up to a year after(prenominal) you return from travelling.Whooping CoughSigns and Symptomsrunny nose.sneezing. nuts cough.low-grade fever.CausesWhooping cough is caused by an infection with a bacterium known as Bordetella pertussis. The bacteria attach to the lining of the airways in the upper respiratory system and release toxins that lead to inflammation and swelling.PreventionPreventing whooping cough. In the UK, whooping cough is now rare due to successful vaccination against it. The 5-in-1 vaccine. The whoopingcough vaccine is given as sectionalization of the 5-in-1 vaccine (DTaP/IPV/Hib ), which also protects against diphtheria, tetanus, polio and Hib (haemophilus influenzae type b).DysenterySigns and Symptomsnausea.vomiting.abdominal pain.fever and chills.CausesBacterial infections are by far the closely common causes of dysentery. These infections include Shigella,Campylobacter, E. coli, and Salmonella species of bacteria.PreventionWashing ones hands after using the toilet, after contact with an infected person, and regularly throughout the day Washing ones hands before handling, cooking and have food, handling babies, and feeding young or elderly people guardianship contact with someone known to have dysentery to a minimumlockjawSigns and SymptomsHeadache.Jaw cramping.Sudden, involuntary muscle tightening often in the stomach (muscle spasms) Painful muscle stiffness all over the body.Trouble swallowing. jerk or staring (seizures)Fever and sweating.High blood pressure and sporting heart rate.CausesTetanus is a condition caused by a look toxin that is produc ed by the bacterium Clostridium tetani, a cousin of the bacteria that cause gangrene and botulism.PreventionYou can easily prevent tetanus by being immunized against the toxin. Al near all cases of tetanus occur in people whove never been immunized or who havent had a tetanus booster shot within the preceding 10 days. grippeSigns and SymptomsA 100oF or higher fever or feeling agitated (not everyone with the flu has a fever) A cough and/or sore throat.A runny or stuffy nose.Headaches and/or body aches.Chills.Fatigue.CausesThe flu is rattling very unlike from a cold. While more than 100 different viruses can cause a cold, only influenza virus types A, B, and C cause theflu. Type A and B viruses are responsible for the large flu epidemics. Type C flu virus is more perpetual and usually causes milder respiratory symptoms.PreventionIf you are healthy but assailable to a person with the flu, antiviral drugs can prevent you from getting sick. The preferably you are treated with an an tiviral, the more likely it will prevent the flu. antiviral drug drugs are 70% to 90% effective at preventing the flu.Intestinal quick studySigns and SymptomsAbdominal pain.Diarrhea.Nausea or vomiting.Gas or bloating.Dysentery (loose stools containing blood and mucus)Rash or itching around the rectum or vulva.Stomach pain or tenderness.CausesIntestinal parasites are usually transmitted when someone comes in contact with infected feces (for example, through contaminated soil, food, or water). In the U.S., the most common protozoa are giardia and cryptosporidium. Parasites can live within the intestines for years without causing any symptoms.Common ColdSigns and SymptomsSore throat.Mucus buildup in your nose.Difficulty breathing through your nose.Swelling of your sinuses.Sneezing.Cough.Headache.Tiredness.CausesThe common cold is a self-limited contagious illness that can be caused by a number of different types of viruses. The common cold is medically referred to as a viral upper re spiratory tract infection. Symptoms of thecommon cold may include cough, sore throat, nasal congestion, runny nose, and sneezing.PreventionNo vaccine has been developed for the common cold, which can be caused by many different viruses. but you can take some common-sense precautions to slow the spread of cold virusesPneumoniaSigns and SymptomsNausea/vomitingRapid breathing.Rapid heartbeat.Shaking chillsCausesBacteria-like organisms, such(prenominal) as Mycoplasma pneumoniae, which typically produce milder signs and symptoms than do other types of pneumonia. Bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae.PreventionGet a flu shot every year to prevent seasonal influenza. The flu is a common cause of pneumonia, so preventing the flu is a good way to prevent pneumonia Get vaccinated against pneumococcal pneumonia if you are at highrisk of getting this type of pneumonia. high blood pressureSigns and SymptomsCausesA stroke is an interruption of the blood supply to any part of the brain beca use a blood vessel is blocked by a clot or burst open. A stroke is sometimes called a brain attack.PreventionA heart-healthy lifestyle can serve well you prevent high blood pressure. These changes are especially important for people who have risk factors for high blood pressure that cannot be changed, including family history, race, or age.AnemiaSigns and SymptomsFatigue.Pale skin.A fast or irregular heartbeat. precipitateness of breath.Chest pain.Dizziness.Cognitive problems.Cold hands and feet.Causes press deficiency anaemia. Iron deficiency anemia is caused by a shortage of the element press out in your body. Vitamin deficiency anemias. Anemia of chronic disease. Aplastic anemia. Anemias associated with bone marrow disease. hemolytic anemias. Sickle cell anemia.PreventionMany types of anemia cant be prevented. However, you can answer avoid iron deficiency anemia and vitamin deficiency anemias by choosing a diet that includes a variety of vitamins and nutrients asthma attack Signs and SymptomsFrequent cough, especially at night.Losing your breath easily or shortness of breath.Feeling very tired or weak when exercising.Wheezing or coughing after exercise.Feeling tired, easily upset, grouchy, or moody.Decreases or changes in lung function as measured on a peak come down meter.CausesAsthma inductive reasonings are different from person to person and can include Airborne allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, mold, cockroaches and dust mites. Respiratory infections, such as the common cold.Physical activity (exercise-induced asthma)Cold air.Air pollutants and irritants, such as smoke.PreventionYou need to know how to prevent or derogate future asthma attacks. If your asthma attacks are triggered by an allergic reaction, avoid your triggers as much as possible. Keep taking your asthma medications after you are discharged. This is extremely important.MigraineSigns and Symptomsa headache that lasts anything from four up to 72 hours.pulsating or throbbing pain, often just on one side of your head. a headache that gets worse when youre active or stops you from being active. feeling sick or vomiting.increased esthesia to light and noise.CausesHormonal changes in women. Fluctuations in estrogen seem to trigger headaches in many women with known migraines. Foods. Aged cheeses, salty foods and processed foods may trigger migraines. Food additives. Drinks. Stress. Sensory stimuli. Changes in wake-sleep pattern. Physical factors.Prevention non all migraine headaches can be prevented. However, identifying your headache triggers can help to reduce the frequency and severity of migraine attacks.CardiovascularSigns and SymptomsChest pain (angina)Shortness of breath.Pain, numbness, weakness or coldness in your legs or arms, if the blood vessels in those parts of your body are narrowed.CausesAtherosclerosis is also the most common cause of cardiovasculardisease, and its often caused by an unhealthy diet, escape of exercise, being overweight and smoking. All of these are major risk factors for developing atherosclerosis and, in turn, cardiovascular disease.