What Is a Worldview Essay Example for Free

What Is a Worldview EssayWhat is a Worldview? I would look at it as a view of the world, but the real meaning of worldview is it universe a word that ecompasses a great deal of meaning, emotions, and potential consequences. In review a worldview is a souls philosiphy in life sentence, a framework a person brings to decision-making, and a filter or lens which a person uses to interpret life and the world around them.Part IIThe incertitude of Origin How did life begin and how did mankind come into existece. The bible says In the beginning deity created the Heavens and the Earth Genesis 11. Also Moses, the writer of Geesis under the inhalation of the Holy Spirit 2 Peter 121, identifies God as the first cause. The Psalmist, David declares that God is his creater (Psalm 13913-16) The question of Identity What does it mean to be a military man? Are humans more important than animals? Psalms 85 and Genesis 215 Male and female were both created in the go steady of God and were gi ven the responsibility to rule over the animals and to be their caretakers. Although the earth and animals are not to be worshipped, mankind is responsible to take care of Gods creation.The question of Meaning/Purpose Why does mankind exist? Deuteronomy 1113 Leviticus 1918. Why do I exist? Man is to love the master and serve Him with all your heart and with all your soul and to love your neighbor as yourself I am the Lord. The question of Morality What is meant by right and revile? How should I live? Genesis 3 Exodus 206 As a result, mankind is in need of redemption. How this happens then differs between Judaism and Christianity. In Judaism, man is in a right relationship with God through good works. The question of Destiny Is there life after death? What pull up stakes happen to me when I die? Revelation 211-7 Revelation 2011-15. Heaven and Hell are both literal places where people exist eternally either in the presence and blessings of God in Heaven or in a state of separation from God, being punished in Hell. The prime(a) of receiving Christ as ones Savior or not making that choice while on this earth determines a persons eternal state.Part III1. I would think about, speak to, and treat others on a daily basis as I would have known them a lifetime. I would talk to them as if God was in the room with us. I would also try to let the person know that there is a God and as a worldview top dog that believing in him and that the Lord died for our sins is the only way to get to Heaven and that its not false and a true statement. 2. In picking my future career, God will always come first. I am going for my bachelors in psychology now and I am hoping to work with married couples or divorced. I will always try to pray to God before each session to get me through and to guide me in the right direction to uphold these couples out. All in all God will always be in my life and he will guide me in my career as well.Citation The book Consider by Dr Lew Weider and Dr Ben Gutierrez

Individuals With Asperger Syndrome

Individuals With Asperger SyndromeAsperger Syndrome (AS) or (Aspergers Disorder) is a neurobiological disorder named for a Viennese physician, Hans Asperger, who in 1944 published a paper which described a sit of behaviors in several young boys who had normal intelligence and language development, but who also exhibited autistic-like behaviors and marked deficiencies in social and communication skills. In spite of the proceeds of his paper in the 1940s, it wasnt until 1994 that Asperger Syndrome was added to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th. Edition (DSM IV) and only in the past few years has AS been recognized by professionals and parents.Individuals with AS can exhibit a variety of characteristics and the disorder can range from mild to severe. Persons with AS show marked deficiencies in social skills, reach difficulties with transitions or changes and prefer sameness. They often have obsessive routines and may be preoccupied with a particular sub ject of interest. They have a great believe of obstacle reading nonverbal cues (body language) and very often the individual with AS has difficulty determining proper body space. Often overly sensitive to sounds, tastes, smells, and sights, the person with AS may prefer soft clothing, certain foods, and be bothered by sounds or lights no one else seems to hear or see. Its important to withdraw that the person with AS perceives the world very differently. Therefore, many another(prenominal) behaviors that seem odd or unusual are due to those neurological differences and not the result of designed rudeness or bad behavior, and most certainly not the result of improper parenting.By definition, those with AS have a normal IQ and many individuals (although not all), exhibit exceptional skill or talent in a specific area. Because of their high degree of lockality and their naivet, those with AS are often viewed as eccentric or odd and can easily become victims of teasing and bullyi ng. While language development seems, on the surface, normal, individuals with AS often have deficits in pragmatics and prosody. Vocabularies may be extraordinarily rich and some children sound like little professors. However, persons with AS can be extremely literal and have difficulty using language in a social context.While specific Asperger syndrome causes are not known, enquiry is being conducted to understand Asperger syndrome and how it can be efficaciously treated.One study is using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to show how abnormalities in particular areas of the brain cause changes in brain function that result in the symptoms of Asperger syndrome and other autism spectrum disorders.Other research includes testing the effectiveness of an antidepressant in individuals with Asperger syndrome who exhibit high levels of obsessive/ritualistic behavior. Another Asperger syndrome research study is collecting and analyzing DNA samples from a large group of children with Asperger syndrome and their families to identify genes and genetic interactions that are linked to Asperger syndrome.Although there are many possible symptoms of Aspergers syndrome, the of import symptom is severe trouble with social situations. Your child may have mild to severe symptoms or have a few or many of these symptoms. Because of the wide variety of symptoms, no two children with Aspergers are alike. Parents often first notice the symptoms of Aspergers syndrome when their child starts preschool and begins to interact with other children. Children with Aspergers syndrome may. Not pick up on social cues and may lack inborn social skills, such as being able to read others body language, start or maintain a conversation, and take turns talking. Dislike any changes in routines. Appear to lack empathy.Be unable to recognize subtle differences in speech tone, pitch, and accent that alter the kernel of others speech. Thus, your child may not understand a joke or may take a sarcastic comment literally. Likewise, his or her speech may be flat and difficult to understand because it lacks tone, pitch, and accent. set about a formal style of speaking that is advanced for his or her age. For example, the child may use the treatment beckon instead of call or the word return instead of come back.Avoid eye contact or stare at others. Have unusual facial expressions or postures.Be preoccupied with only one or few interests, which he or she may be very cozy about. Many children with Aspergers syndrome are overly interested in parts of a whole or in unusual activities, such as designing houses, draftsmanship highly detailed scenes, or studying astronomy. They may show an unusual interest in certain topics such as snakes, names of stars, or dinosaurs. trounce a lot, usually about a favorite subject. One-sided conversations are common. Internal thoughts are often verbalized.Have delayed motor development. Your child may be late in learning to use a fork or spoo n, ride a bike, or catch a ball. He or she may have an awkward walk. Handwriting is often poor.Have heightened sensitivity and become over stimulated by loud noises, lights, or strong tastes or textures. For more information about these symptoms, see sensory integration dysfunction.A child with one or two of these symptoms does not necessarily have Aspergers syndrome. To be diagnosed with Aspergers syndrome, a child must have a combination of these symptoms and severe trouble with social situations.Although the condition is in some ways similar to autism, a child with Aspergers syndrome typically has normal language and intellectual development. Also, those with Aspergers syndrome typically make more of an effort than those with autism to make friends and engage in activities with others.

The Ice Cream Analysis Dippin Dots

The Ice Cream Analysis Dippin DotsDespite having operation in the global market, the company was non much affected politically. There exists federal regulations on the frozen desserts, which embarrass a minimum of 10% of exclusivelyterfat, and the starter puzzle step to the fore must weigh a minimum of 4.5 pounds to the gallon. This is to ensure manufacturers do not produce sub standard qualities of ice thrash aboutECONOMIC FACTORSTheir core U.S.A market is a strong economy with a very high GDP, which has not been, affected much all over the years of varying economic conditions. The growth of the Asian market in terms of wealth is also a factor, which may have led to growth in demand.SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORSThe most important element is the demography of the market for ice cream. The ice cream was initially targeting the kids and teenagers (aged 8-18 years) blush though the company foresees a growing demand in future from older people.The trend to consume more healthy treats made unassailables develop ice cream with less fat but similar taste and texture.TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORSThe company has its foundation from the engineering science of micro encapsulation. Flash freezing the ice cream using liquid nitrogen at -325 degrees and collecting the bead/dot to produce a special flavour, texture and shape was a remarkable liking by the microbiologist. This thought was to avoid crystals of air and ice in the dessert.It was named theicecream of the future due to its uniqueness whose formula was continuously perfected by Jones.Over fourth dimension technology also led to the development of various ways of making different types of frozen desserts like Novelties, Frozen custard, Sherbets, Frozen yoghurt and early(a)s.LEGAL FACTORSPatenting the idea of flash freezing was a factor that made the company keep away strong competition through copying.Franchising and making contracts was also necessary as it maintained a legal relationship of distribution and royalt y payment.2) PORTERS FIVE FORCES MODELPOTENTIAL ENTRANTSThe Ice cream market had been segmented and dominated by 2 major companies Nestle and Unilever. This was a challenge to keep away the Giants from eating into the flash frozen ice cream segment. Some of the competitors with similar railway line were Breyers, Dreyers/ Edy Grand, Blue bell and others.Dippins with its experience and knowledge kept away the competitors through differentiating their ice cream and creating a vast network of distribution through franchising.SUBSTITUTES former(prenominal)(a) types of frozen foods like the novelties and the ice cream/sherbet brands are a substitute for the flash frozen ice cream due to the similar rejoicing they give to the customer. Because of the segmented market, the product could be separate which led to the survival and growth of dippins.BUYERSThe buyer cater of this industry is high due to the large egress of ice cream producers and varieties. There are many substitutes for th is product as mentioned hence the customer is likely to move if not satisfied with quality and taste.SUPPLIERSThe power of suppliers is high since most have quality products with loyal customers and new entrants pose a threat due to the way they copy the idea. Many new producers were former employees or franchise distributors of dippins who knew the strategy of operations.COMPETITIVE RIVALYDue to globalisation, dippins face stiff competition from U.S companies like Breyers and other European companies. This makes it necessary to differentiate the product since other companies can copy the ideas.The cost of operation also plays a role since it requires huge capital investments in technology.ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTVALUE chemical chainThe firms operations are global and hence its primary factors affecting the internal environment are operations management, logistics, sales and marketing.The firm operates from U.S.A with over 448 franchises in 2006. These franchises mobilize the product while paying royalties and some fees to dippins.The firm experiences logistical problems since transporting the product at sub zero temperatures require special equipment, containers and freezers.Mc Donalds rolled out a marketing campaign with dippins in 2002 spending $1.2 million in San Francisco to boost sales of both companies.The firm got recognition and value by show on top ranks in magazines like Entrepreneur. This also gave them a chance to be present in celebrity shows.The secondary factors, which affected the internal environment, include the procurement policies, technology and infrastructure.Jones initially hired his friends to manage the company with family members and later got professional staff.They faced a huge problem of financing and getting a suitable location making them move to locations.The technology they were using was being copied by rivals hence Jones continuously refined and perfected it.The firm later had a honest infrastructure with sitting cleverness and transport network was well developed.Value system of Dippins was efficient enough to reach the market and sell outlets but lacked the ability to enable the ice cream reach homes. They later introduced brands which could be consumed at home.VRIO ANALYISIS.The firms products have had a loyal customer base for a yen time due to the quality. The value is due to the quality and the taste the frozen ice cream gives to its customers. The distribution also has had an impact in the value of firm since having a higher number of franchises gives them a greater market share.Despite having a high relative price they have had increased sales over the years.Celebrity appeal has also increased their value. The idea in a whole of having ice cream without crystals of air and ice is the biggest asset of the firm.The Dippin dots ice cream is a rare product to find because of the originality and the quality it gives. There are firms who produce similar products but cannot match the qu ality of dippins due to the unique technology they use. The firm has a many franchises (448) which gives them a competitive advantage. The rarity is due to the experience and knowledge they have.The firms operations and the product strategy are imitable in a way since the operations are global but the quality cannot be matched to that of dippins. Some former franchisers came up with similar products as dippinThe organisation has adequate capacity and resources which can allow the firm to achieve more competitive advantage and get the most benefits through product diversification, increasing franchises, increasing the support to retail outlets.BALANCED SCORECARD.The strategies the company used to achieve the goals have been wise as their growth was rapid enabling them to scoop many awards and get highlighted in magazines for their good performance.The strategies they used were customer satisfaction in terms of quality and taste. Continuous improvement in the operations of making the ice cream.Their financial objectives can be getting the highest return on capital and maximum profits.They provided value for the price customer paid for the ice cream. Their price was high but relatively competitive. Their customers were differentiated in terms of the physical nature of the ice cream.Their internal objectives were quality of service and maintaining the quality during distribution and effective management of logistics.Their growth was substantial in terms of sales and number of franchises. They were given recognition through getting awards because of the fast growth and quality standards of ice cream and packaging by the world(prenominal) dairy association. They are innovative since they have launched a product, which can be now consumed at home.

Estimating Reservoir Porosity: Probabilistic Neural Network

Estimating Reservoir Porosity probabilistic aflutter electronic networkEstimation of Reservoir Porosity Using probabilistic flighty meshingKeywordsPorosity seismal AttributesProbabilistic Neural mesh topology (PNN)HighlightsPorosity is themed from seismalattributes using Probabilistic Neural Networks.Impedance is calculated by using Probabilistic Neural Networks inversion.Multi-regression abridgment is use to select input seismic attributes.AbstractPorosity is the roughly fundamental fittingty of hydrocarbon informant. However, the porousness selective information that come from well log atomic number 18 completely available at well crowns. Therefore, it is necessary to use other methods to estimate reservoir porosity. Interpolation is a simple and widely employ method for porosity estimation. However, the accuracy of interpolation method is not satisfactory especially in the place where the numbers of rise up are small. Seismic data contain abounding lithology info rmation. There are inherent cor congenerics between reservoir propertyand seismic data. Therefore, it ispossible to estimate reservoir porosity by using seismic data andattributes. Probabilistic Neural Network is a neoteric skittishnetwork modelbased on statistical theory.It is a powerful tool to extract mathematic relation between two data dance bands. For this case, it has been employ to extract the mathematic relation between porosity and seismic attributes. In this study, firstly, a seismic electrical resistance pile is calculated by seismic inversion. Secondly, several appropriate seismic attributes are extracted by using multi-regression analysis. Then, a Probabilistic Neural Network model is educate to obtain mathematic relation between porosity and seismic attributes. Finally, this trained Probabilistic Neural Network model is applied to calculate a porosity data volume. This methodology could be used to find advantageous res publicas at the azoic stage of exploration. And it is also helpful for the establishment of reservoir model at the stage of reservoir development.1. IntroductionIn recent years, clear advances have been do in the study and application of intelligent systems. Intelligent system is a powerful tool to extract quantitative formulation between two data muckles and has begun to be applied to the petroleum industry (Asoodeh and Bagheripour, 2014 Tahmasebi and Hezarkhani, 2012 Karimpouli et al., 2010 Chithra Chakra et al., 2013). There are inherent correlational statisticss between reservoir properties and seismic attributes (Iturrarn-Viveros and Parra, 2014 Yao and Journel, 2000). Therefore, it ispossible to estimate reservoir porosities by using seismic data and attributes. Previous studies have proved that it is feasible to estimate reservoir porosity by using statistical methods and intelligent systems (Naimi et al., 2014 Iturrarn-Viveros, 2012 Leite and Vidal, 2011).Probabilistic NeuralNetwork (PNN) is a neoteric neural netw ork model based on statistical theory. It is essentially a kind of parallel algorithm based on the minimum Bayesian assay criterion (Miguez, 2010). It is unlike traditional multilayer forward network that requires an faulting back propagation algorithm, but a completely forward calculation process. The learning succession is shorter and the accuracy is higher than traditional multilayer forward network. It is especially suitable for nonlinear multi attributes analysis. For this case, PNN has good performance on unseen data. In this study, the propounded methodology is applied to estimate the porosity of sandstone reservoir prosperously.2. Probabilistic Neural NetworkPNN is a variant of Radial land Function networks and approximate Bayesian statistical methods, the combination of modern input vectors with the existing data storage to fully classify the input data a process that similar to human behavior (Parzen, 1962). Probabilistic Neural Network is an alternative type Neural Network (Specht, 1990). It is based on Parzens Probabilistic Density Function estimator. PNN is a four-layer feed-forward network, consisting of an input layer, a manikin layer, a summation layer and an output layer (Muniz et al., 2010).Probabilistic NeuralNetwork is actuallya numeric interpolation method, but it has a structure of neural network. It has better interpolation pop off than multilayer feed forwardneural network. PNNs requirement of preparedness data sample is as same as Multilayer Feed Forward Neural Network. It includes a series of reproduction sample sets, and severally sample corresponds to the seismic sample in the analysis window of each well.Suppose that on that point is a data set of n samples, each sample consists of m seismic attributes and one reservoir parameter. Probabilistic Neural Network assumes that each output log value could be educe as a linear combination of input logging data value (Hampson et al., 2001). The new sample after the attribute combination is expressed as (1)The new predicted logging values quarter be expressed as (2)where (3)The unknown quantity D(x, xi) is the distance between input point and each reading sample point. This distance is measured by seismic attributes in multidimensional space and it is expressed by the unknown quantity j. Eq. (1)and Eq. (2) represent the application of Probabilistic Neural Network. The training process includes determining the optimal smoothing parameter set. The goal of the determination on these parameters is to make the establishment error minimization.Defining the kth target point verification result as obeys (4)When the sample points are not in the training data, it is the kth target sample prediction value. Therefore, if the sample values are known, we can calculate the prediction error of sample points. Repeat this process for each training sample set, we can define the total prediction error of training data as (5)The prediction error depends on the choice of parameter j. This unknown quantity realizes the minimization through nonlinear conjugate gradient algorithm. formation error, the average error of all excluded wells, is the measure of a possible prediction error in the process of seismic attributes transformation. The trained Probabilistic Neural Network has the characteristics of validation minimum error.The PNN does not require an iterative learning process, which can manage magnitudes of training data faster than other Artificial Neural Network architectures (Muniz et al., 2010). The feature is a result of the Bayesian techniques behavior (Mantzaris et al., 2011).3. MethodologyThe data sets used in this study belong to 8 wells (consisting of W1 to W8) and post-stack 3D seismic data in Songliao Basin, Northeast China. The target stratum is the first member of the Cretaceous Nenjiang Formation that is one of the main(prenominal) reservoirs in this area. In this study, the main contents include seismic impedance inversion, attri butes extraction, training and application of PNN model. The flow chart is shown in Fig. 1.Fig. 1. The flow chart of this study3.1 Seismic impedance inversionThis section is to calculate a qualified 3D seismic impedance data volume for porosity estimation. The attributes are gathered from both seismic and inversion cube. The phase of input 3D seismic data is close to zero at the target stratum. The data have good quality in the entire time range without noticeable multiple interference. T6 and T5 are the top and asshole of reservoirs, respectively. T6-1 is an intermediate horizon between T6 and T5 (Fig. 2 (b)). This data volume covers an area of approximately 120 km2. The structure form of reservoir in this area is a slope. There are two faults in the up dip command of slope (Fig. 2 (a)).(a) (b)Fig. 2. (a) T6 horizon display. (b) An arbitrary line from seismic data, line of this section is shown in (a).Seismic datacontain abundant information of lithology andreservoirs property. T hrough seismic inversion, larboard type of seismic datacan beconverted intolithology type of loggingdata, which could be directlycompared withwell logging (Pendrel, 2006). Seismic inversionbased on logging data takes full advantage of large area lateral dissemination ofseismic data combined with using the geologicaltheory. It is an effective method to study the distribution anddetailsof reservoirs. PNN inversion is a neoteric seismic wave impedance inversion method. There is social occasion relation between synthetic impedance from well log data and seismic traces near well. In PNN inversion method, this map outping relation impart be found and a mathematical model will be built up by training.The concrete steps of PNN inversion are as follow (Metzner, 2013)(1). Build up an initial reservoir geological model. The control points of model are defined by a series of different depth, velocity and engrossment data.(2). Neural Network model establishment and training. At this step, a PNN model is built up and trained. The training and validation error of trained PNN should be minimized. The trained PNN model includes the mathematical relation between synthetic impedance by well log data and seismic traces near well.(3). Calculation of impedance by applying the PNN model to seismic data volume.PNN inversion method takes full advantage of all the frequency components of well log data, and has good anti-interference ability. PNN inversion will not constrict resolution in inversion process, and there is no error accumulation. Final results of inversion are displayed in Figs. 3, 4, 5 and add-in 1.Fig. 3. Cross speckle of actual impedance and predicted impedanceFig. 4. Cross Validation Result of Inversion. Correlation=0.832, fair(a) Error=546.55(m/s)*(g/cc)Fig. 5. Arbitrary line from inversed impedance data volume. Base map is shown in the figure lowerleft.Table 1Numerical analysis of inversion at well locations3.2 Seismic attributes selection by using multi-reg ression analysisMulti-regression analysis is a mathematical method which is used to analysis the relationship between one dependent variable and several independent variables (Hampson et al., 2001). The basic principle is that although there is no strict, deterministic functional relation between dependent variables and independent variables can try to find the most appropriate mathematical formula to express this relation.Multi-regression analysis can be used to solve the following problems(1). Determine if there is correlation between certain variables. If it exists, find a suitable mathematical expression between them.(2). According to one or several variable values, predict the value of another variable, and calculate the forecast accuracy.(3). Factor analysis. For example, in the commonalty effects of many variables for a variable, find out the most important factors, the secondary important factors, and the relationship between these factors.In the multi-regression analysis m ethod, prediction error of N attributes is always less than or equal to N-1 attributes. Adding attributes means to use higher polynomial to fit curve. We can calculate the prediction error of each polynomial. This prediction error is equal to the root mean square error between real values and predicted values. With the increase of polynomial order, the prediction error decreases. save when we use overhigh order polynomial to fit curves, the existing data may fit well, but the interpolation or extrapolation over boundary would be commensurate badly. This problem is called over-trained.In this study, the data would be divided into training data set and validation data set. The training data set is used to specify the correlation coefficient, and the validation data set is used to compute the validation error. If a high order polynomial fit the training data set well, but fit the validation data set badly. It means that the order of polynomial is too high.In this section, multi-regr ession analysis method is used to find the most suitable seismic attributes. As illustrated in Table 2, the training error gradually reduces with the increasing number of attributes, but when the number of attributes increases to four, validation error will rise. So, the best set of seismic attributes should contain three attributes that are the first three attributes in Table 2. The first three attributes are Inverted Impedance, Average Frequency and Filter 35/40-45/50.The most significant seismic attribute is Inverted impedance. Those attributes yield useful information about the lateral changes in lithology and porosity (Chopra and Marfurt, 2005). Furthermore, the training error for them is less than 3% that shows the exactness of results.It should be noted that PNN is a kind of nonlinear method, so the aforementioned attributes can be used as input for porosity prediction by PNN. (Kadkhodaie-Ilkhchi et al., 2009)Table 2The result of multi-regression analysis for porosity estimat ion3.3 Porosity estimation using PNNThe main purpose of this section is to establish an optimum PNN model. The inputs of this model are three selected attributes in the previous section. In order to highlight the advantages of Probabilistic Neural Network in porosity estimation, another four algorithms have been used. Another four algorithms are single attribute analysis, multi-regression analysis, Multi-layer Feed Forward Network (MLFN) and Radial Basis Function (RBF). The training and validation results are shown in Table 3. According to the results, PNN algorithm gives less training and validation error. As seen from Table 3, the correlation coefficient of training result could reach 0.915, which is considered as a high correlation coefficient. It is higher than multi-regression analysis method (the correlation coefficient of multi-regression analysis is 0.844) and other methods. According to the numerical validation results, PNN method for porosity estimation is more accurate th an others in this case. In the final of this section, the analysis for creating an optimum PNN model was done (Table 3 and Fig.6).Table 3The training and validation results of neural networksFig. 6. Cross plot of predicted porosity versus actual porosity4. Results and DiscussionWe have demonstrated the application of Probabilistic Neural Networkto reservoir porosity estimation from seismic attributes. Two mathematical tools have been used multi-regression analysis and PNN method.In the section of seismic impedance inversion, a qualified upside-down impedance data volume has been calculated (Fig.3). In the section of seismic attributes selection, multi-regression analysis has been used to find appropriate seismic attributes (the first three attributes of Table 2). Those seismic attributes come from 3D seismic data volume and inverted impedance data volume. The optimal model is built up by PNN with proper trend and minimization of error.We have demonstrated this methodology on a set o f 8 wells log data. The correlation coefficient of training data set could reach 0.915, which is considered as a high correlation coefficient (Fig.6).The well W5 is not used in training. It is used to validate the result of porosity estimation. The correlation coefficient of validation result could reach 0.881, which means that this methodology is reliable. The estimated porosity of W5 is displayed in Fig.7.After the establishment of an optimum PNN model for porosity estimation, we apply this model to all seismic data volume. Then, a porosity data volume could be calculated (Figs.8, 9). In Fig.9, an ancient river could be seen in the rectangle with higher porosity than elsewhere in the region. This is consistent with the law of geology. which shows, from one aspect, that the Probabilistic Neural Network is a reliable tool for porosity estimation. This method is an effective way to create an satisfying porosity data volume.5. ConclusionsWe have demonstrated that the estimation of re servoir porosity from seismic attributes and inversion impedance using PNN method. In this study, two mathematic tools have been used multi-regression analysis and PNN method. At attributes selection stage of this study, three attributes have been selected. At the porosity estimation stage, a PNN model has been established and trained. The training and validation correlation coefficient between predicted porosity and actual porosity could reach 0.915 and 0.881, respectively. The profile of estimated porosity shows that porosity variation in vertical direction is approximately increasing from bottom to the top and can be verified at well locations.The results indicate that PNN is a reliable method for porosity estimation. And it has obvious advantages in estimation accuracy compared with conventional methods such as multi-regression analysis and Multi-layer Feed Forward Network. The proposed methodology can be used to estimate porosity from seismic data. This methodology could reduce drilling risks and improve the success rate of exploration at the early stage of reservoir exploration. And it also could provide an acceptable porosity data volume which could be used to build reservoir geological model at the stage of reservoir development.

Hemagglutinin and a Future Cure for Influenza Essay -- Influenza Virus

Final Project HemagglutininAbstract Hemagglutinin is membrane protein found on the grippe virus. This project focuses on hemagglutinin subtype H1, the one involved in the 1918 Spanish influenza. The project concentrates on explaining the structure and serve up of the protein, while trying to give an accurate account of the molecular interactions amid the protein and the host cell membrane. Specifically, hemagglutinin is a protein composed of three monomer protein strands. Each monomer consists of three important subdomains called the fusion subdomain, the receptor binding subdomain, and the vestigial esterase subdomain. Each has an important function in a virus taintion. This project hopes to provide info for future research into preventing and perhaps curing influenza.Background Viruses use simple mechanisms to attack and infect their hosts. One step in a virus attack is the binding of the virus to the host cell. The virus does this by using surface proteins that can discern and attach to receptors on the cell membrane and somehow injects its genetic material into the host cell.3 Hemagglutinin is a kind of surface protein found on the lipid envelopes of the influenza virus. Hemagglutinin gets its name from its effect on making red blood cells clump together and agglutinate. The influenza virus has many hemagglutinin proteins, and each can attach to a red blood cell, causing the red blood cells to come together around the virus. This causes thickening of the blood and affects the clotting ability of blood.2 There are 16 different subtypes of the protein, ranging from H1 to H16. The more important ones are H1, H2, and H3, the subtypes found on the human influenza virus.2 This proj... ... - Wikipedia, the disembarrass encyclopedia. 3 Mar 2004. 2 Aug 2007 . 3. Influenza. Main Page - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 9 Apr 2002. 2 Aug 2007 . 4. Marcey, David, and Eric Mazur. Influenza Hamagglutinin. California Lutheran University - Welcome. 22 Jan 2005. 2 Aug 2007 . 5. Woods, Heather. Structural Analysis of Hemagglutinin from the 1918 Influenza Pandemic. SSRL- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory. 30 Aug 2004. 2 Aug 2007 . 6. The Structure and receptor Binding Properties of the 1918 Influenza Hemagglutinin Science 303, 1838 (2004) DOI 10.1126/science.1093155

Poetry Coursework :: English Literature

Poetry CourseworkI am going to compare these two poems by thinking about the theme,purpose, mood, lyric and imagery.An distil from The Ballad of Reading Gaol by Oscar Wilde.In the first verse of this poem, the writer introduces us to amiserable setting of a prison, the dripping wall, the dim sky.This sets us in the mood of how it was to be a prisoner at the end ofthe 19th century.Oscar Wilde introduces us to another character, a murderer. Throughoutthe poem, Wilde sympathizes with this character. We see this by theuse of language. Wilde tells us about the wardens who watched thisprisoner, for fear the man might die. And by each side a warderwalked. Although the wardens knew that this man would be put todeath, they still watched him in the event that the prisoner mighttake his own life. Wilde refers to this man as prey thus giving theimpression that the wardens are hunting this mans blood. This use oflanguage reveals that Wilde disapproves of the way the man is treatedand sees this as an unjust act.The purpose of Wildes poem is to protest against the authorities andagainst the way the prisoners are treated. He writes about the harshconditions,We rubbed the door, and scrubbed the floors,And cleaning the shining railsAnd, rank-by-rank, we soaped the plank,And clattered with the pails.The rails were already shiny they didnt need cleaning.Wilde also protests against the difficult and monotonous work. Thestructure, language and brisk rhythm in this poem give emphasis to themain point of Wildes poem.And s selectn heads and feet of leadMake a merry masquerade.He uses harsh repetitive words that are difficult to pronounce.With blunt and bleeding nails. Just as this is difficult to say, itwas difficult work to do. The thought of this cruelty makes youquiver.Oscar Wilde was in prison when he wrote this poem, and therefore hecould not openly address his intended audience. Instead, He used a lotof irony in his writing. He questions the role of compassion throughirony, in such a place with a definitely ironic tone,And what should human pity doPent up in a murderers hole?What word of grave in such a placeCould help a brothers sole?Wilde is attacking the governor, the doctor, and the Chaplin for nothaving pity on the prisoners. He disapproves of their approaches bylisting their actions coldly. A minister of church should be prayingwith him. Religious men have jobs to pray with him and accompany him.But the Chaplin isnt doing his job.

Down And Out In The Great Depression Essay -- Robert McElvaine

During the 1920s, America was a prosperous nation going through the Big Boom and loving e actually second of it. However, this fortune didnt last long, because with the 1930s came a period of serious economic recession, a period called the Great Depression. By 1933, a quarter of the nations workers (about 40 million) were without jobs. The weekly income rate dropped from $24.76 per week in 1929 to $16.65 per week in 1933 (McElvaine, 8). After President vacuum-clean failed to rectify the recession situation, Franklin D. Roosevelt began his term with the hopeful New Deal. In two installments, Roosevelt hoped to relieve short term suffering with the first, and redistribution of money amongst the poor with the second. Throughout these years of the depression, many Americans spoke their minds through pen and paper. Many criticized Hoovers policies of the early Depression and praised the Roosevelts efforts. Each opinion about the causes and solutions of the Great Depression are based upon economic, racial and social standing in America. At the start of the Depression, many letters (mostly discouraging) were sent to President Hoover. These letters came primarily from well-to-do citizens, however some leftist workers letters found their way in as well. The well-to-do citizens agreed that the ultimate cause of the lower classes depression was their laziness and incompetence. On top of that, these well-to-do citizens thanked Hoover, probably because their money had gone uninjured (McElvaine, 38). Some opinions werent as favorable for the Hoover administration, however. Some people believed that engineers may be intelligent but poor presidents (pp. 43). Finally, the leftist parties did not valuate the endeavors of the Hoover presiden... ...for their misfortune. The rich blamed the poor, the poor blamed the rich, the middle class blamed the blacks, and no one took responsibility themselves. One complaint most of these classes (with expulsion to the few that benefited) was the lack of success of the New Deal and other relief efforts. Whether the blacks had too much employment, or the poor were too lazy to receive aid, very few Americans appeared to be happy with Roosevelts solution. This didnt stop his popularity. Many Americans stood behind their president rain or shine, depression or big boom. disregardless of their positions, these citizens who turned to the President in their time of desperation proved that the pen is truly mightier.Works CitedMcElvaine, Robert S, ed. Down and Out in the Great Depression letter from the Forgotten Man. Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina Press, 1983.