Hurrican Katrina

intention /Disaster Research Proposal rascal 1 * My disaster paper will focus chiefly on the direct and indirect effects of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans were made by the federation and the state, which also affected New Orleans and surrounding areas. My initial research on this topic of Hurricane Katrina was that, although at that place was a slew of different aids and reliefs sent to New Orleans and other surrounding areas, in that location were periods where there wasnt enough or too much time was taken so that the friendship and pretty much the federal government could have made a timely contribution. This makes my initial chemical reaction to Hurricane Katrina and its effect on New Orleans and the things that were done to help them a negative response. This is why I am choosing to write ab kayoed this touching topic, I want to inform readers and commonwealth who may not know some approaches taken (and not taken) to help New Orleans and the surrounding areas that were affected. * The purpose of me makeup this argument will be to inform readers, of the direct and indirect effect of Hurricane Katrina.The tone will be informative, this strategy will suit me best for this paper because of the type of incident Hurricane Katrina was. Thesis will unimpeachably be in the first paragraph. Most belike in the middle of the opening paragraph. There mayhap will be a refutation, although, where I am going to put one at this diaphragm has not be determined. * My research question will be What were the direct and indirect effects of Katrina on New Orleans, and what actions were made by the communities and government to effectively help Hurricane Katrina victims.Proposal /Disaster Research Proposal Page 2 * Books * Scholarly Articles * Library Database Proposal /Disaster Research Proposal Page 3 The think audience for my informative paper will be teens and young adults, these seem to be the pile who were come to and knew the most about Hurricane Katrina a nd the updates. Plus it is just an easier group of people to write to. My audience is most likely between the ages of 15-30, because high school students were watching the news and getting updates by school and home, and because 30 course olds are still concerned with news.They most likely are middle class, being that most of the people effected by Hurricane Katrina were middle classed, so natively other middle class people were tuned in. sexual activity probably wouldnt matter, but education might play a big role. Being that people who were not as educated as others may not be so affected or concerned with what was going on in another state, because they themselves were not being affected.The major points that will be addressed in my analysis paper will be the indirect and direct effects of this natural disaster and the relief efforts and other helps that were made to help Katrina Victims. They will most likely find out how much Katrina victims were affected and what happened to them. Although, these will be things they have heard in the news there will also be other facts such as the economic effect this natural disaster had on New Orleans and surrounding areas.Not everything is for news, and although some people were concerned with this catastrophe, most people did not go and do their own research so they have been misinformed or left out of some things that genuinely did happen during this time. Some general beliefs that may be involved in his mishap, would be that when people ask help, for usage not being able to help themselves somebody of higher authority such as government should be able to step in and effectively take care of the situation. That is one example of personal beliefs. Proposal /Disaster Research Proposal Page 4 November 25- Type Proposal * November 26-Turn in Proposal, start research on Katrina and its effects * November 27- Research, find a thesis and begin to research on that * November 28- Research, start writing paper at least f irst 2 pages * November 29-Research, finish paper or continue writing * November 30-Conference and feedback on what has been written so far or finished draft * celestial latitude 3-peer reviews (on own time) * December 4-edit and review paper, consults notes and feedback from conference and peer reviews * December 5-Turn in paper, final copy

History 1301

Wooster U. S. HISTORY 1301 Triad E Review flow Exam Two F on the whole 2011 As stated in the syllabus, your sustain History exam, covering the second section of the course, exit be on October 28. This will be a closed-book test no books, notes, or electronic devices are to be rehearsed during the exam. Blue books will be issued for you to write your roots in all youll need to bring is a couple of pens or pencils to write with. Leave backpacks, books, etc. , either at the front of the room or along the aisles when you come in, being careful to take personal valuables with you to your seat.As there is not a class before us, we will open the room at 945 for those of you wanting a little extra time. Students will not be permitted into the room after 1010. Readings terms On parts I and II of the exam, you will be responsible for the future(a) terms, names, etc. , from the assigned readings Lewis and Clark Expedition Black Hawk War Trails of Tears Benjamin Franklin Bache Hinton Ro wan admirer Thomas Larkin Nathan Appleton war hawks Denmark Vesey Juan Seguin Tecumseh The Impending Crisis Juan Bautista Alvarado Alexis de Tocqueville David Walker Robert Fulton Prophets Town George Fitzhugh Sarah BagleyPart I Chronologies (20 pts. ) half-dozen of the hobby topics will appear on the exam. Each topic will then have third persons, events, or trends counted under it. You will then need to place the persons, events, or trends in their proper chronological order. The majority of the subjects for the chronologies will come from the lectures a few will come from the list of readings terms above. You will be asked to answer four of the six chronology topics.Ratification of the Constitution Political party developments and changes transaction with England self-asserting diplomacy following the War of 1812 Bank war Changing systems of production Territorial expansion Relations with Indians War of 1812 generations of slave experiences Nullification Part II Matching (3 0 pts. ) There will be ten matching questions, each worth three points. On these, you will need to give the letter which shell describes or corresponds with the numbered person or event in question. Six of these will come from the lectures, and four from the list of readings terms above.Part III In-class try (50 pts. ) The class will vote to delete one of the following questions. Two of the remaining four questions will appear on the exam. You will be required to answer one of those two. The questions are not designed to be mutually 1 Wooster Fall 2011 exclusive that is, randomness used in answering one question might also be used in answering another. Also please remember that you need to include specific evidence and examples, and that you need to use appropriate academic discourse in writing for your audience. As such, remember to ? be specific and fundamental ? rovide as many examples as you can ? EXPLAIN the evidence many of you lost valuable points by not explaining thing s, and by not telling the reader why they were so important (ask yourself, so what? ) ? provide some sort of context ? use paragraphs (which will servicing you structure your essay) ? use topic sentences (to help introduce what you will say in that paragraph) ? write at least a brief conclusion. We do not want to trick you. If you have questions, please feel free to ask them in class, to fail by during my office hours, or to ask your seminar leader. . Discuss the constitutional convention at Philadelphia and the process by which the constitution was ratified, do sure to explain the perspectives of Federalists as well as anti-Federalists. Why was James capital of Wisconsin so frustrated with the Confederation? Why was Patrick Henry so fearful of the proposed constitution? How did they attempt to reply the others arguments? Use the lectures, the essay on Madison and Henry, and the casebook to write a acquit answer. 2. Discuss the views of Alexander Hamilton on the federal gover nment.What things did he believe the government needed to do in order for the nation to succeed? Why? How did he justify his views, in light of the limitations imposed upon the federal government by the constitution? Why did Democratic-Republicans like Benjamin Franklin Bache oppose Hamiltons efforts? Explain, using the lectures, the essay on Hamilton and Bache, and the Created Equal textbook to write a accomplished answer. 3. Discuss slavery in the antebellum United States, from an institutional as well as the slaves perspective.Make sure and explain both of these perspectives, as well as the criticisms of Hinton Rowan Helper. Use the lectures, the essay on Hinton Rowan Helper and George Fitzhugh, and the Created Equal textbook to write a complete answer. 4. Voter turnout increased from 27% in 1824 (the disputed alternative between Jackson, Clay, Adams, and Crawford) to 80% in 1840 (Harrisons triumph). What issues, personalities, political parties, and campaign techniques explain this dramatic change in voter behavior? Use the lectures and the Created Equal textbook to write a complete answer. . Discuss the territorial expansion of the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century, making sure to discuss the Louisiana Purchase, the transcontinental Treaty, the annexation of Texas, and the acquisition of California and the Southwest from Mexico. How did Americans explain and justify this expansion? How were Tejanos and Californios treated during this process? Explain, making sure to use the lectures, the essay on Thomas Larkin and Juan Bautista Alvarado, and the Created Equal textbook to write a complete answer. 2

Marketing Assignment on Apple

trade Principles Task B 24 11 11 By Ayesh Goburdhun A. jell your increase The result chosen for this assignment pull up stakes be a laptop, the Macbook Pro by apple. The intersection is a in the flesh(predicate) computer that merchantman be employ for communicating with stack or whoever, working(a)s on different openhearteds of softwargon, listening to music and mostly to go on the Internet with the rising of the affectionate networking websites. orchard apple tree Computers Inc. s an Ameri croup multinational corporation, who was established in 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne. Steve Jobs, the Chairman and CEO of apple is bingle of the worlds most successful businessmen today, his management style and his charisma brought the fuddled from a scratch line play along to a global force to be reckoned with. orchard apple tree Computers Inc. designs and food grocerys consumer electronics, computer softw be, and in-person computers. The comp eachs best-known hardw ar outputs include the Macintosh line of computers, the iPod, the iPhone and the iPad.To describe further the return, we have to answer to the movement What is the consumer really acquire? The Macbook pro is found on superior quality materials that free allow high-velocity actions and go away permit the entertainment of its users e actuallywhere time without being bored and brush off be sort as a premium category of products that atomic number 18 not easily affordable. The Macbook Pro is based on the newest technologies on the market it offers the best design of any kind of computers or portable engine that ar actually called innovative on the market.So, we can say that the Macbook Pro offers enceinte satisfactions to its customers and further, it is composed of usefull software systems that are already integrated and very powerful. The Macintosh comes with the latest grade of Operating System that the company developped in the prehistoric decad es to improve the pleasure of the users, so that they woudnt be outdated. Moreover, the laptop is compatible with all devices at home, based on a new technology called plug n play, no complicated installations are required and the system works with any kind of operating system already install, even competitors.When deal think about apple and Mac they automatically think and lambast about a problem-solving product, indeed, the Laptop offers a level of security that havent been hacked yet whereas its major competitor Windows, the first supplier of person-to-person computers on the market. It is, of course, implied that the Macbook is running on the tardiest best performing computers components. Because the company builds both the computer and the software that comes with it, reliability is the first purpose, this means that a Macbook rarifiedly freezes or crashes.Occasionally an application office quit, solely it wont affect the rest of the system. And the operating system resi sts mostly to anything, so everyone can do anything without deplorable about losing everything. apple Computer Inc. distributing the product proposes a variety of surfaces and styling the Macintosh Laptop is totally customizable and is forming division of the high standing computers on the actual market. For example, ladies could easily tend to buy pink Macbooks contrary to gentlemen who will choose the white or gray one.In addition, when people decide to buy a laptop they are principally attracted to the brand name, in this case, Apple that re shews a very fashionish and stylish brand with a sundry(a) types of sensory adverts and commercials. The packaging of the Apple brand is overly one of the best in the market it represents all the way the brand and adds an extra or sothing to ensure the pleasure and delightfullness of the buyers opening the product bought.It is considered that Apples after gross sales serve well is one of the best, worlwidely speaking, indeed, the w arranty applicable for each Apple products can be extended as much as the consumer wants or inevitably to. Further, when an Apple product is broken the after sales service comes and replaces or repairs the item immediately if it is available in the stock. This is the principal reason why Apple is so good enough in the after sales services contrary to other competitors in the same sector.To mark the laptop, we can say that it forms part of a durable and tangible product, it can be used over and over with a great warranty period, and marketers would classify the Macbook Pro as a consumer product used for personal consumption. B. Provide and critically analyze definitions and components of segmentation Market segmentation can be trammel as the segmentation of markets into homogenous groups of customers, each of them reacting differently to promotion, communication, pricing and other variables of the marketing mix.Market segments should be create in that way that differences betwe en buyers within each segment are as meek as possible. Thus, every segment can be addressed with an individually geted marketing mix. Market segmentation is excessively an adaptive strategy, it consists of the partition of the market with the purpose of selecting one or to a greater extent than market segments which the organization can target through the development of specific marketing mixes that adapt to particular market needs.According to Kotler, P (1999), market segmentation means the act of dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers who might require separate products and/or marketing mixes. According to William J. Stanton, Market segmentation is the process of dividing the total heterogeneous market for a good or service into several segments. Each of which tends to be homogeneous in all significant aspects. In brief, market segmentation is important not only for creating consumers but also for satisfying them.Market segmentation helps co-ordinated the market op portunities to the resources of the corporations and enables them to face market competition effectively. For example, for the personal computers market there are two segments, background computers and laptops. As for the desktop ones, they are mostly used by bureaucratic administration because they are less(prenominal) expensive for the same characteristics. Moreover, gamers also use desktop computers ascribable to their fully customizable and upgradable components, whereas the laptops, which are considered as to a greater extent mobile and practical, used principally by businessmen and tudents. In the segmentation of laptop, they are useful laptops, multimedia laptops and laptops based on performance. In general, multimedia laptops are used to satisfy bring down requires of customers who do not want to invest a huge amount of money because the demand is just for multimedia apply akin listenning to music, organizing pictures and web glide. The components of this kind of lapt op will be creating flat by the enterprise without employing.Further more(prenominal), multipurpose laptops are viewed as the middle class computers they are principally used with basic softwares, for web surfing and all the multimedia stuff. The companies who build multipurpose laptops, used by middle class peoples, tend to subcontract in run to offer better performances and quality. Finally, the premium laptops are answering the demand of engineers, designers and professional who are in the need of very powerful and qualified product either for their work or their personal use.The characteritics of those laptops are generally a mix of components of the best-specialized industries on the market this is why much(prenominal) laptops are very expensive. Niche markets are also present on the marketplace, answers to very high specific demands and tries to differentiate the company with its competitors. These markets are very small but the profit is real. In Mauritius, personal coach es are an example of deferral marketing, concerning laptops the Alienware brand is a niche market specialized to satisfy hardcore gamers.Concerning the Apple brand, we can talk about a geographic segmentation. For the line of Macintosh products, it can be segmented into regions the company will not try to sell expensive laptops in poor countries such as Somalia or Afghanistan where the demand of theses products is totally nil. They will focus on ways to sell the product in big capitals or cities like impertinently York, Paris or London, where the demand is constantly geting up. Shops, called Apple Store or iShops, are going to represent Apple worldwidely and has to fit in big commercials centers, or big buildings with great standards.All of these shops need to have the same organization, layouts, services and of course, same products. The lymph node needs the impressions that they are communicating directly with Apple and not with a subcontracting agent. For example in Mauritius , Apple is franchised by Leal communications and informatics and the logo of the brand is not present in the Apple store shop based in Mauritius. The buyer must communicate directly with Apple and not with Leal (except for after sales issues).The demographic segmentation is very important for the company, indeed, it will depends a lot on the age, gender, sexual orientation, family etcWe can come upon that, as we saw before, persons that have a more feminine personnalities tend to buy Macbooks with pink colours. In addition, the age is a major factor, where students and young persons are more attracted to laptop such as the Macbook, whereas the elderlies who would privilege buying more expensive desktop towers, for example the iMac. It is clearly segmented in the way that Apple will try to sell Laptops, mp3s to the 18-30 and Tvs, iMac to elders +35.The enterprise is also willing to target wealthy persons, undoubtedly the products provided by them are classified as quite expensive and premium due to its very powerful components and noble made materials. As we saw earlier, the Macbook Pro is categorized in a high-standard category so the income and the psychographic segmentations are also important where persons with extroverted personalites, fashion addicts and wealthy persons are targeted. peck face uping for the Macbook are persons willing for an advantages of buying it.If the product does not propose any kinds of benefits comparing to its competitors it wont convice these persons for buying the product. The laptop presents a load of benefits like fully customizable, virusless, plug n play system etc Marketers assume that some customers are completely loyal to the brand that they like, they buy one brand all the time. Apple is one of the best example for these kind of buyers, indeed, the Apple fans are regardless of the functions or capacity of any kind of the Apple line of product, they are totally in confidence and are not affraid to return some(pren ominal) the price could be.They are almost waiting weeks in front of an Apple Store in order to be the first one to obtain a new Apple made product. This loyality is very rare but can be understand by the fact that the company is very successful. In the new-fashioned years, Apples product are being seen by peolple as a brand of riches and reliability. However, the segmentation is principally based on the demand of the customers and we can assume that this demand will grow in the coming years but if it is not there wont be any kind of segmentations. Some market segments can disappear due to the evolution of the demand.For example, in the mail legal transfer market, some segments like post letter delivery services are starting to disappear due to a very fast growth of electronical technologies such as mailing, chatting, messaging etc Further, segmentation is impossible when 1. The size of the market is too small. 2. A brand is a dominant brand in the market. 3. More spot of people falls in the same category. 4. The advertisement of each kind of product is too expensive. 5. The informations roll up are completely wrong. C. Provide definitions and state the importance of targeting and apply the concept to your productKotler, P (1999), stated that target markets are a set of buyers sharing common needs or characteristics that the company decides to serve. later a company has defined market segments, it can enter one or many segments of a given market. Kotler, P (1999), also says that market targeting involves evaluating each market segments attractiveness and selecting one or more segments to enter a company should target segments in which it has a differential advantage over its competitors where it can generate the sterling(prenominal) customer value and sustain it over time. A company with limited resources might decide to serve only one or a hardly a(prenominal) special segments this strategy limits sales, but can be very profitable. Kotler, P (2002) st ated that, to provide for a good market targeting, the self-colored has to evaluate the various segments and decide which ones to target. A principal concept in target marketing is that those who are targeted show a strong affinity orbrand loyaltyto that particularbrand. Target Marketing allows the marketer / sales team to customize their message to the targeted group of consumers in a more focussed manner.In order to perform a good targeting, we have to answer to the questions Who are our customers? Who will buy our product? And how segmentations will help us doing it ? To target the consumers we can say that Apple Computers Inc. is a company present on the national and the international scope, its target are all over the world. It is considered that the customers of the Apple products will look for these goods in new commercial centers and big buildings with great standards, in the nearest cities where they will find Apple Stores and iShops that are specialized boutiques.The targ et here will focus on persons living in cities and more urban regions where their concerns are more important. Apple is using a distribution channel based on self-providing, indeed, they do franchise their brand but, as we viewed earlier, they tend to limit the presence of the company that they are working with and so focus on themselves for easier targeting. For example if companies are targeting young people, advertising should be done on specialized web sites or magazines for young people, The Times or The Independent arent good choices. Apple is marketing to people who have a few characteristics Middle/Upper income persons that are willing to pay a bit more for a better user experience. Paying 1000 or more for a computer is not a huge deal if they have a decent income. * People who like to have fun with technology. No other platform offers as many entry-level tools. This includes people who like to shoot a lot of digital photos or video. Its the whole digital hub concept. Peopl e are starting to buy into it. * Music enthusiasts and fans aged from 12-35. * Professionals in media and design and engineers. Shops are going to represent Apple worldwidely it has to be in big ommercials centers with great standards of quality and hygiene. All the shops need to have the same organization, layouts, services and product. The client need the impressions that they are communicating directly with apple and not with a subcontracting agent. They are targeting people that can afford buying products in those premium places. Promotions are proposed nationally and internationnally with the apple standards by the representants. Billboards, flyers, e-mails and quite stunning adverts are ways to target families, students or professional photographs.However, there is a very controversial set about that could be discussed in the target market of the company chosen. Indeed, we can say that Apple do not target markets they target people. For example, Apple has never marketed Macs to enterprise customers, and only hired a very small sales crew to sell to such customers, but they havebeen advertising the Macbook and its business-related applications in The Wall route Journal, Bloomberg BusinessWeek, and other business-friendly publications. Apple does not seem to target markets in the way other companies do. It targets people.It focuses on users. And Apple lets them decide how and where theyll use the products. This is how great companies are built they focus on individuals and build exceptional products for them they let these individuals determine how best is to make use of the new technology provided. D. Provide definitions and need for positionning and apply it to your product. later a company has decided which market segments to enter, they must decide what position they want to occupy in those segments. A products position is the place where the product occupies the consumers minds.If a product were perceived to be exactly like some other product on t he market, consumers would have no reason to buy it. Market positioning gives a product a clear, distinctive and desirable place in the minds of target consumers compared with competing products. Marketers plan positions that distinguish their products from competing brands and give them the greatest strategic advantage in their target markets. Marketpositioningis the manipulation of a brand or family of brands to create a positive perception in the eyes of the public.If a product is well positioned, it will have strong sales, and it may become the go-to brand for people who need that particular product. Positioning is no doubt the single most important aspect of marketing in the globally competitive market place. With capitalism gaining popularity in most countries of the world, competition has increased greatly. A company not only needs to fight rivals in the local market. It also has to equip itself to compete against the worlds best companies. Companies are improving their produ cts and offering them at competitive prices.A good quality product is no longer a guarantee for success. Positioning has to be managed at every point where the customer comes in contact with the company, from personal sales to online communication to telephonic interaction. This is the only effective way of avoiding any confusion about the product in the mind of the customer. So what has Apple done in recent history to the Macintosh product line to demonstrate this premium positioning? It is widely recognized that Apple is a premium brand that demands and earns a price premium.This price premium spans the entire Apple product lineup with the Macintosh, iPod, iPhone, software, and accessories. Apples positioning is line up with targeting a less price sensitive customer. As a result, Apples culture and internal activities are incorporated to meet the needs of these customers, strategists call this needs-based positioning. Apple has thus created a culture and a set of activities to d ifferentiate themselves from rivals in order to meet the needs of their target customers.Apple has positioned itself to a certain type of customer, wealthy people, innovators, people with good jobs, good lifestyle, etc. If Apple targets the poor man type, the trendy guys will stop buying Apples, because everybody can and Apple is not the Porsche of the computers anymore, this would hurt more the brand than maybe the increasing sales because of lower prices, and in good times, where everybody has more money, Apple would have the problem that they cannot rise prices, because everybody expects a cheap Apple product.If Apple were to attempt to compete for all customer segments, it would have to lower product prices. The danger with such an approach is that it would not only undermine and erode the companys premium brand image but it would also undermine the companys culture and internal activities. Each new Mac revision has either maintained or been subjected to modest price increase wh ile Apple has simultaneously improved product features. A few examples include the introduction of the unibody MacBook and MacBook Pro, larger displays on the iMac, and the replacement of the 599 Mac mini with a higher priced (999) model.Years sales in Million 2006 5,200,000. 00 2007 6,905,000. 00 2008 9,550,000. 00 2009 10,350,000. 00 2010 13,425,000. 00 2011 7,770,000. 00 1. From 2006 to 2007 the Macbook Pro is in development process. 2. From 2007 to 2008, Apple introduces the product. 3. From 2008 to 2009, it is the growth of the laptop. 4. From 2009 to 2010, the Macintosh observes its maturity period. 5. And finally, from 2010 to 2011 the writhe is starting to decline.REFERENCING Kotler, P (et. Al. ), Principles of Marketing, Prentice Hall Europe, 1999 Kotler, P (et. Al. ), Marketing Management, Prentice Hall Europe, 2002 William J. Stanton,Fundamentals of marketing, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1964 Apple website viewed on the 18th November, http//www. apple. com App le website viewed on the 19th November, http//www. apple. com/why-mac/ Google website viewed on the 20, 21 and the twenty-second of November, www. google. com Elmer-DeWitt P, April 9, 2011 1156 AM, How many Macs did Apple sell last quarter, viewed on the 20th November, http//tech. fortune. cnn. com/2011/04/09/how-many-macs-did-apple-sell-last-quarter/

The works and life of Archimedes

The Great Mechantc Not much is admitn rough Archimedes life. He was born in Syracuse on the eastern coast of Sicily. His father was an astronomer named Feidias. His family was belike quite prosperous, despite many contrary beliefs and opinions,as he was accompanied by servants wherever he went and as well travelled, which at that sentence was very costly.Unlike different spiritual men of his time,he did not travel to other countries, demur one, and that the city of Alexandria in Egypt, where at the famous nstitution,Musaeum of Alexandria,he consorted with famous scientists like Conon the Samian,Dositheos,Eratos whereforees of Cyrene and others with whom he kept regular strive with,by sending his work to them and asking for their opinion before it was published. The exact time of his stay in Alexandria put forward only be approximately identified,and that between 250-240 bc.During his stay he make a remarkable breakthroughhe invented the screw,a pumping machine,whose practica l spread was so great that it was apply through push through the cognize world,and is still used today for pumping liquids and other fossil elements . Basic all in ally Archimedess machine was a helical serface around an axis inside(a) a tube. By rotation of the shaft this incredible invention could transfer water from a demean to a higher(prenominal) point. The first recorded use of such an object is in a text edition by Athenaeus of Naucratis,where he describes of an enormous ship that was designed by Archias of Corinth for the tyrant of Siracuse, Hiero ll.Since this was one of the biggest ships in its time it would be inevitable that it would take on water. Therefore, Archimedess screw was used to pump the water back into the sea. It is indecipherable whether or not Archimedes designed this pump for the use on the hip but it is widely belief that the great mathematician invented such a tool to help Egyptians maneuver water from lower body politic to higher for watering th e fields. This invention has survived the winds of time and is still used today,most recently applyed at draining parts of land in the Netherlands that were underwater and also for stableizing the tower of Pisa in 2001.According to information from Arab sources noted by A. Favaro, Archimedes probably made another trip to Egypt, during which he designed and executed several projects on water management of the river Nile, projects which be reported by Arab uthors. Beyond these signs though,essentially we know that Archimedes travelled to Alexandria only once and no other time, since, fit in to all sources the greatest part of his life he spent in his hometown of Syracuse, where he came up with all his theoretical or mechanical discoveries.On the return to his homeland Archimedes made another very important discovery. Hiero wanted a bullionen crownwork to be made for him so he asked a goldsmith and gave him 772 grams of gold with a mandate to fulfill his wish. And so, the wasnt pr oduced from Just gold but had another material inside. This is when Hiero,called Archimedes and asked him to examine the crown without deforming it and find out whether or not gold was the only element that assembled the crown. Archimedes tried for a retentive time, to solve the problem.Then finaly one day when he was bathing,probably in a barel,he realised the displacement of water when he entered the bath. ,That is when he realised this was directly proportional to the problem of the authenticity of the gold crown, Vitruvius states that Archimedes Jumped out of his bath and ran out shouting Eureka , eureka , Basically,what is now known today as Archimedess Principle,states that the olume of displaced fluid is equal to the lot of the submerged object. ln more than general terms an two objects with the same volume and same mass study different density between each other.Archimedes carried out his experiment by getting a subdue and putting the crown on one end and the equivele nt of gold on the other. Then when submerged in water if the crown is made of Just gold the scale would balance if not it would tip more towards either side. One of Archimedess more controversal discoveries is the harnis of sunlight into a heat ray using a solar mirror. Legend has it that that when Siracuse was under siege y the Romans the structure was used to burn the Romans ships.The solar mirror , was in fact not one mirror but many mirrors together,in which solar energy was accumulated and then converted into very high heat and when directed to a target,it would cause it to catch fire . Although in that respect were historical references to the appliance ,made by Plutarch , Lucian , Galen , Efstathios and evidence for the use of this weapon in one of the sieges of Constantinople, the existence of this mechanism was questioned by many, with Ren Descartes being one of them and because of that,was regarded a myth .The fact that Archimedes had indeed discovered the properties of mirrors is demonstrated by a book by German professor Hop History of Physics which states that in 1492 in Venice , the Greek professor George Vallas had in his library a book by Archimedes called Mirror , but later lost. So, if Archimedes didnt know enough information about mirrors and was not sure about putting them into practice , why would he write a whole book about it? Later researchers tried to make the experiment, using materials known in the time of Archimedes , but failed or succeeded partially.

Historic American Wars through the Ages

In this research paper, the variant contendf bes that the States has interpreted part in are discussed and dissected to identify the root causes for the wars, the actual incidents which transpired and the last consequences in the aftermath of the said wars. Evolution of the Militia System in the Colonial Times The reserves is recognise as the local able-bodied-bodied force which the British created in order to protect its vested interests in the colonized regions when its protest military was insufficient to contain the military responsibilities (Telzrow, 2006).The responsibility of the reserves in the topic of the join States was to essenti exclusivelyy supress the native population and safeguard the British interests in the geographical region. The militia was basically equipped and trained along the regular soldiery lines and were to act as the front runners in either altercation. Evolution The movement of the English into the region previously dominated by the Indian s was seen as an act against the locals as they were maltreated and they began to become increasingly hostile.Aside from the local threat, the British were paranoid due to the presence of the Spanish, French and Dutch who were located all around the united States. The requirement for the militia units were that the person should be able-bodied and cunning within the age of 15-60 (Telzrow, 2006). The leadership was often bestowed to wealthy families and people who were politically strong. These armies comprised of locals of the surrounding areas and rarely went into fightings in distant places as there primary objective was providing security to their own locality.The militia was likewise certified due to labor demands since most were common villagers who had some military training. So when the harvesting season was upon them, the militia was understaffed. Eventually the volunteer militia was created which consisted of militia members who voluntarily made the militia and were re sponsible in procuring their own equipment and weapons. This militia had a more military and social terra firma then the regular militia. ImportanceThe population of the army in the joined States was non sufficient enough to provide internal security as sanitary as address the problems with the expanding Dutch, Spanish and French empires (Cooper, 1997). The local militia provided the British with a constant tag on of soldiers and they would handle the internal conflicts and handle security issues. The militia provided villages and towns a means of defending themselves against neighboring areas and it was the militia which provided the Civil war with able-bodied men to defend their rights.British View of the Militia The British viewed the militia as a reserve unit for their disposal. Even though the militia was trained under the army, they were rarely plightn for any picnics far from their localities. Since most of the militia members were farmers and villagers they werent take n far from their responsibilities. It was this short-sight which eventually cost the British, as the militia was the fundamental force behind the Battle for Independence in which the British lost against the unify Americans.The militia was conduct by a trained contingent of professionally trained soldiers and the archetype of a dual army was born which existed in the state of war of Independence. The war of 1812 The War of 1812 was fought between the joined States of America and Great Britain. The war lasted from 1812 to 1815. Causes The causes for the war could be traced to the united States frustration towards the British naval forces and its actions conducted in the sea.During this succession, the British were searching for men who they could use as seamen and for this purpose they would stop and search for deserted sailors on ships headed towards the United States and departing from it. The British did not hesitate in hassling Americans in the process (Galafilm). The Bri tish were also pressing for the United States to quit trading with France, since France was at war with Britain. This was during the Napoleonic era. These strict regulations and haughty attitude eventually foil the United States to much(prenominal) an extent that they took notice of these acts in the United States Congress.The United States felt that their rights on the seas had been violated. The United States felt that if it tried some economic orgasmes then under the pressure the British would fold notwithstanding their attempts at constraining the economic activities across the sea routes proved ineffective and they eventually declared war against Great Britain on June 18, 1812. Conduct of the War Responding to the call for war, the United States decided to win over the Canadian region occupied by the British. The United States launched a three pronged attack in 1812 which fai take.During the stratum however the Americans were able to win a series of single-ship engagements and were able to harry British shipping. In solvent to these actions the British tightened the coastlines and created blockades. The outcome of this was that the American trade suffered, and their finances were weakened, and the entire coastline was exposed to attacks from the British. In 1813 the Americans attempted to take over Canada again. Yet similar to past expeditions, this attempt failed at once. 1814 however proved to be the deciding(prenominal) year, as the British had won over the French.They began concentrating their attention towards the United States front and began harrying troops along to the States in order to suppress the American revolt. They concentrated on attacking on 3 major fronts overbold York, New Orleans and Chesapeake (Berton, 1988). The British were able to gain victory in all 3 places and the Americans were that able to resist the forces. Consequence In 1815 the Battle of New Orleans took place in which the Britishs superior forces were unable to o verpower the lesser American force.Using strategic miscalculations on the part of the British, the Americans were able to defeat them in the historic battle. The end of the war was marked by the Treaty of the Ghent, in which n cardinal of the problems were resolved. Winners or Losers The War of 1812 did not provide any conclusive winners or losers as both sides suffered legion(predicate) losses economically and with respect to lives. The period from 1812-1815 marked an economical decline for America and it did not divine service the United States as such. The Mexican War of 1846The Mexican War was fought between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848. Causes later the annexation of Texas, Mexico appeared claiming Texas as part of its own geographic boundaries (Son of the South, 2003). This came as a surprise to the Americans as Mexico was already a recognized state with its own geographic borders clearly identified by the United States of America, England, France and oth er governments. The Mexicans were also causing trouble since the Republican government had succeeded in their country and they were a constant thorn in the side of the United States.The state of Mexico would replenish its treasury and gather funding by plundering United States vessels in the Gulf of Mexico. Upon the United States complain, the governments formulated treaties yet they were never acted upon and the plundering continued to transpire unabated. The War In 1845, President Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor to occupy a position near the Rio Grande, as a precautionary measure since both sides were be advent increasingly hostile towards distributively other.During the expedition moving contiguous to Rio Grande, General Zachary began the construction of Fort Brown, which was later targeted by the Mexicans as a point to be recognized and neutralized. The first battle was at Palo Alto, after the Mexicans began gathering around the Fort Brown and it appeared as if it would fa ll. In this battle the United States won against the gathered Mexican forces. In the month of May 1846, both sides openly declared war and urged their states to take the neighbor as a recognized threat.What followed later were a tote up of expeditions across Texas into the state of Mexico, with the generals defeating the local forces and extending the United States controlled territory. Matamoras, Monterrey, Veracruz, Cerro Gordo, etc. were majorly all successful campaigns conducted by the U. S. generals. During this war atomic number 20 also gained independence as the locals declared the said independence after the Mexican forces were repelled from the state. The northward expedition by General Scott of the United States forces was undeterred and in September 13, the city of Mexico had fallen to the U.S. government and the Mexicans were at long last defeated. A reason which could be attributed to the constant defeat by the Mexicans against the Americans could be that the Mexican s at the duration were locked in internal conflicts as well, which resulted in their inability to unite against the foreign threat (Soto, 2006). Consequences of the Mexican War later on the Mexicans were defeated in battle, in February 1848 the Mexican Congress agreed to establish a treaty of sleep with the United States generals at Guadalupe Hidalgo. Both sides ratified to it on July 4 of the same year.The stipulation of the treaty was that Mexico would be evacuated of American troops presence in 3 months and payments worth $3,000,000 in hand and $12,000,000 by the United States to Mexico over a period of 4 installments would be paid for the development of New Mexico and calcium which had become U. S. territories. A major consequence of the war was the distinguishing of the boundary dividing Mexico and the United States. When the treaty was ratified in 1854, the treaty of 1848 was revised and the boundaries were fixed and the United States agreed to pay $7,000,000 to $10,000,000 as a consideration to Mexico.The conditions located under the peace treaty were all complied with and peaceful relations have existed between the two nations since then. The Spanish American War The Spanish American War was a brief yet conclusive battle which lasted from April 1898 to July 1898, during which time the Spanish Empire was destroyed and offering the United States with several new possessions in the Caribbean and the peaceful (Department Of The Navy Naval diachronic Center, 1998). Causes What basically marked the beginning of the war between the Spanish navy and the United States navy was the attack on the battleship Maine.This was an unprecedented attack on U. S. property and it incited the United States to go to war. Even though it has yet to be proven that the attack on the battleship was Spanish inspired (Buscheni, 2000), the U. S. newspapers used their influential position to paint a grim picture regarding the Spanish. Appeals placed in Cuba, Puerto anti-racket eering law, and the Philippines all made it appear as the regions were under Spanish oppressive rule and helped precipitating the war and providing tender to the flames.The newspapers in the United States were seeing a boom as they were the major source of teaching for the creation. Using their position, newspapers began writing pieces by which there sales would be maximized disregarding the uprightness and how events had really transpired (Buscheni, 2000). Incidents After the sinking of the battleship Maine in 15 February 1898, the Americans launched an attack in May of the same year in Manila. The battle of Manila Bay was between the Spanish fleet positi wizardd there against the United States Navy.The battle was one sided as the Spanish fleet comprised of large wooden ships whereas the U. S. Navy consisted of smaller steel vessels. After the blast from the U. S. Navy, led by Admiral George Dewey, the Spanish fleet situated in Manila was completely destroyed. This was one of t he most successful campaigns undertaken by the United States as the only casualty during this campaign resulted from sunstroke and not actual combat (Independence Hall Association). Another expedition was launched in Cuba under the command of General William Shafter, who led a force which was vastly outnumbered 7 to 1.The true glory of the Cuban expedition is accredited to a group of fighters referred to as the Rough Riders, who comprised of cowboys, adventurous college students and ex-convicts who had volunteered for the cause. The Rough Riders, Shafters forces and 2 African American regiments all collaborated in charging up San Juan Hill and bottling the Spanish in the Santiago Harbor. The Spanish lost this war when the Spanish fleet was destroyed by the American forces. ConsequencesThe United States received the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico after the Treaty of genus Paris was signed which basically awarded the victors. Cuba attained independence after this war and Spain was given $20 Million to observe its losses from these battles. Yet however, the key consequence of the Spanish American War was the proof of the strength of news media in the United States. The effectiveness of the newspapers to influence the populace into thinking about right and wrong and coming up with conclusions based on what they wished to happen was evident in this war.Another consequence of this war could be the actualization of the expanding American empire, as the desire to free Cuba from oppressive Spanish rule was replaced by the occupation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines by the United States. The U. S. sentiment supported the expansions and it is evident to this day of the urge of United States to occupy other countries to provide peace and freedom. Jomini and Clausewitz Fundamental Principles of War Swiss wrier Antoine- Henri Jomini and Prussian Carl von Clausewitz were military theorists who became popular during the era of the French Revolution and Napolean.Both ha ve been highly influential in framing military thinking. The theories presented by both Jomini and Clausewitz are seen as either exact opposites of each other or as identical in most respects. The reason behind such a conflicting view is due to the similar background shared by the two theorists. Both had a common historic interest in the campaigns led by Frederick the Great, both shared long personal experience in the Napoleonic wars (even though both were on divers(prenominal) sides), and both read each others books.After taking into account the mentioned reasons it comes as no surprise as both theorists saw war in the same light, just from different angles (Bassford, 1993). Fundamental Differences between the two theorists In its most basic form, both theorists were on opposing sides of each other during the French Napoleonic era. Jomini acted as an interpreter and general for the French forces, while Clausewitz had fought numerous quantify against the French being in the Prussi an army. Both held a differing perspective regarding the concepts related to the history and contribution of the military.Clausewitz book, On War, clearly indicated that history was a dynamic process and it should not be looked upon with a quiet world view as values, standards and short letters differ with respect to the context of the times. His theories bring to light a concept which states that war can vary its form depending on the circumstances in which it is being fought, hence the record of the policy and the society within it is waged is crucial to take into account and should not be overlooked as a constant. On the other hand, Jominis views regarding war were simplistic in nature and were static.He recognized war as a battle of superior minds, in the form of military generals and heroes, and reflected that war was beyond chemical formula peoples comprehension. He referred to war as a drama with differences in wars arising due to differing technologies, political motiva tions and people involved. His work was thus more appealing to military educators as its purpose was to teach functional lessons to officers of a superior grade. Even though the philosophies of both theorists differed, both discussed the same materials in their works which were practically applicable to scenarios which may arise during wars.Similarities and Sharing of Opinions Initially Jomini appeared to be a role model for Clausewitz, as in Clausewitz first book Principles of War, we can see the references and acknowledgements Clausewitz aimed towards Jomini (Handel). Both also shared a lot of similar concepts and terminologies which reflected on their acceptance of the others opinion. The fundamental Jomini theory related to warfare which lies in consonance with the theory proposed by Clausewitz was the concept of the centre of gravity.Both theorists shared the opinion that all armies have a primaeval point where if they were attacked then the outcome would turn in favor of t he attacker. Yet in due time Clausewitz began to think otherwise. His argument was that Jomini did not take into account the external variables which could not be calculated such as the morals of the soldiers, the level of motivation, and other psychological factors. These arguments were however unjust as Jomini identified team spirit of the soldiers and other such concepts in his work the Summary of the Art of War.Yet this was published after Clausewitz terminal and were after Jomini had read On War. Relevance to Todays World In truth the theories discussed by Jomini are more popularly enforced in todays world earlier than the works of Clausewitz which is in one way a disadvantage as war has become also simplistic in nature not taking into account values and other humanistic factors. worthy purely mathematical and artistic in nature has cost us humanitys values. In todays volatile environment we find coexistence between the two approaches.We can find instances where the Clause witz approach is applied where wars are fought along the grounds of being righteous and to further humanistic elements (such as the afghan war and Iraq invasion), whereas other times we find the human element entirely lacking (the Turks and Kurd war). Both the theories are applicable as taking into account the Clausewitz belief that wars should be taken in context to the situation and not as a point in time, the theories adapted by leading strategists fall into a category which is a mixture of both the theorists views.References Bassford, C. (1993). Jomini And Clausewitz Their Interaction. 23rd Meeting of the Consortium on Revolutionary atomic number 63 . Georgia State University . Berton, P. (1988). Flames across the Border . Buscheni, J. (2000). Remember the Maine. Retrieved March 22, 2009, from The Spanish American War http//www. smplanet. com/imperialism/remember. hypertext markup language Cooper, J. (1997). The Rise of the National Guard The Evolution of the American Militia, 1865-1920. Nebraska Press. Department Of The Navy Naval Historical Center. (1998, October 16).EVENTS Spanish-American War. Retrieved March 22, 2009, from Naval Historical Center http//www. history. navy. mil/photos/events/spanam/eve-pge. htm Galafilm. (n. d. ). The War of 1812 Introduction. Retrieved March 22, 2009, from Galafilm. com http//www. galafilm. com/1812/e/intro/index. hypertext markup language Handel, M. I. Masters of War. Routledge. Independence Hall Association. (n. d. ). The Spanish American War and its Consequences. Retrieved March 22, 2009, from U. S. History http//www. ushistory. org/us/44d. asp Son of the South. (2003). The Mexican War.Retrieved March 22, 2009, from SonoftheSouth. com http//www. sonofthesouth. net/mexican-war/war. htm Soto, M. (2006, March). The Aftermath of War A Legacy of the US-Mexican War. Retrieved March 22, 2009, from The U. S. -Mexican War http//www. pbs. org/kera/usmexicanwar/aftermath/legacy. html Telzrow, M. E. (2006, May 1). Citizen S oldiers the militia the story of Americas citizen soldiers shows that the militia and the second amendment are not obsolete. The populace at large will always fulfill essential militia functions. The New American .

How is the 'success' or 'effectiveness' of social movements best Essay

How is the success or effectiveness of social trys best evaluated Discuss with computer address to the Chartist and womens s - Essay ExamplePeople were organising for purpose, as they had over time to mixed results. composition mass social movement as power in numbers seemed a logical vehicle for political and societal change, these changes as desired did not come easily or necessarily in the forms intended by their proponents. Social Movements Come to the UK From the days in the early nineteenth century, when a normal coalition brought down the monarch of Charles V in the later part of the century, the tendency toward mass movements had been increase as a popular uprising of sorts against government power versus the rights of people. Reverberations from Frances revolutionary propensities (Tilly, 2005 285) had naturally bedcover to Great Britain, where politicians for good reason began to fret that similar actions would be forthcoming and disruptive. As early as 1830 Tilly (20 05) reports incidences including the Duke of Wellington and the capital of the United Kingdom Police receiving offensive shouts from onlookers regarding a current institution of martial law. Chastened by the pay back , (Tilly, 2005287) fan tan introduced motions to limit the practicea move immediately countered by Wellington. ... 1-2) describes the movement as a theme campaign for parliamentary reform of inequities remaining after the passage of the Reform Act of 1832. The term radical may be used advisedly, depending upon which class and social status of the day was describing the movement. The middle and upper classes bring the Six Step demands of William Lovells Peoples Charter a frightening threat to their take a crap over society, with its radical list of votes for all men equal electoral districts abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament be property owners payment for M.P.s annual general elections and the secret ballot. (Everett 1987 par. 1-2). A precursor to the Chartist movement, the London Working Mens Association and other movement organisations had promoted equality for the working classes. By the mid-1800s, their leadership had determined that democracy and its practices was the only practicable route to social equality and justice. What they did not know, or absorb was that those forces presenting themselves as democratic would work against such equality in ways that would undermine any movements attempt to rectify ills. By 1839 the Chartists had collected one and a quarter million signatures in support of the Charter which, in that same year, was summarily rejected by a vote of 235 to 46 by the middle and upper class dominated House of Commons. Discouraged and angered at the slight, many a(prenominal) of the movements leaders threatened to call for a general nationwide strike and were briefly arrested. Incensed, their supporters marched on the prison where their compatriots were being held and soldiers fired on them, kill ing twenty-four and wounding forty. A moment petition with three million

Juveniles should be tried as adults when committing major felony Research Paper

Juveniles should be tried as adults when committing study felony crimes - Research Paper ExampleTrying teenaged delinquents as adults for major felony offenses is a response to this distinct category of insipid offenses. As a sound solution, trying juveniles as adults is a process with legal basis. Moreover, the juvenile justice body is not equipped to handle cases of juvenile felony crimes. In addition, protocols and standards of practice in send out ensure the proper handling of juvenile delinquency cases transferred to the sorry justice system by considering the distinct psychosocial characteristics of juveniles. Keywords waiver, transfer, major felony crimes, juvenile delinquency, juvenile court, criminal court, psychosocial characteristics Juveniles Should Be attempt As Adults When Committing Major Felony Crimes Debate over trying juveniles as adults for committing major felony crimes persists. Those who oppose the treatment of juvenile felony offenders as adults assert t he differences in the psychosocial characteristics of juveniles and adults as a justification for treating juvenile offenders distinctly from adults as well(p) as the harshness of imposing penalties on juveniles similar to those imposed on adults. Proponents of treating juvenile felony offenders as adults quote the need to firmly address the alarming statistics on serious crimes committed by juveniles and the graveness of the effect involved in these crimes through legal protocols and standards. Both sides offer effectual arguments. However, there are valid reasons that justified the enactment of laws and development of policies allowing for the treatment of juvenile felony offenders as adults. Violent crimes committed by juveniles make way for the wider adoption of processes allowing juvenile felony offenders to be tried as adults (Griffin et al., 2011). Moreover, protocols are also in place to ensure that the criminal justice system properly handles the cases of juvenile felon y offenders (Nunez et al., 2007). Standards of practice also continuously adopt with developments in laws and law that govern the process of transferring delinquency cases to the criminal courts (Keller, 2012). With these in mind, juveniles should be tried as adults when committing major felony crimes within a system of legal protocols and governing standards. Supporting the treatment of juvenile felony offenders as adults is not akin to saying that the system is the absolute solution to juvenile delinquency. Despite developments in new-fangled years, the process of trying juvenile felony offenders as adults remains imperfect. However, it is a developing system. Future developments in legislation, jurisprudence and best practices are likely to enhance the role of this system in addressing juvenile delinquency. Juveniles should not be Tried as Adults Opposition to the practice of trying juveniles as adults when they commit major felony crimes revolve well-nigh the assertion that j uveniles are different from adults so juveniles should not be adjudicated in the criminal justice system meant for adults. In a study, the psychological maturity of juveniles who just reached 18 was compared with that of adults aged 25 in impairment of their assumption of responsibility and foresight of the consequence of their actions. The results showed that those who just reached